NCLEX-RN Pediatric Nursing 3

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 9
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 9
PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES 9
Infants 11
Toddlers (12-36 Months) 13
Preschoolers (3-6 Years) 14
School-Age Children (6-12 Years) 15
Adolescents (12-18 Years) 16
ASSESSMENT OF THE CHILD 18
GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR ASSESSING CHILDREN 18
IMPACT OF HOSPITALIZATION 18
Infant 18
Toddler and Preschooler 27
School-Age Child 29
Adolescent 30
NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM 33
System Assessment 33
Diagnostic Procedures 36
System Implementation 37
CONGENITAL DEFECTS 38
Neural Tube Defects (NTD) 38
Hydrocephalus 39
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS 40
Cerebral Palsy 40
Seizure Disorders 41
Traumatic Brain Injury 43
NEUROLOGICAL INFECTIONS 44
Meningitis 44
Encephalitis 45
Poliomyelitis 45
Reye’s Syndrome 46
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 47
System Assessment 47
Diagnostic Procedures 48
System Implementation-General Principles 49
CONGENITAL HEART CONDITIONS 49
Fetal Circulation 49
CYANOTIC DEFECTS 51
Tetralogy of Fallot 52
Transposition of the Great Vessels (TGV) 52
Truncus Arteriosus 53
Tricuspid Atresia 54
INCREASES PULMONARY FLOW (ACYANOTIC) DEFECTS 54
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) 54
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) 55
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) 55
OBSTRUCTIVE DEFECTS 56
Pulmonary Stenosis (PS) 56
Aortic Stenosis (AS) 56
Coarctation of Aorta 57
ACQUIRED CARDIAC CONDITIONS 57
Congestive Hear Failure (CHF) 57
Rheumatic Fever 59
Infective (Bacterial) Endocarditis 59
Kawasaki Disease 59
CARDIAC SURGERY 60
Heart Failure (HF) 61
DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD 62
RED BLOOD CELL DISORDERS 62
Anemia 62
Sickle Cell Anemia 63
Thalassemias 63
BLOOD DISORDERS 64
Infectious Mononucleosis 64
Hemophilia 64
HIV and Children 65
BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS 65
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 66
UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTIVE CONDITIONS 67
Laryngotracheobronchitis (“Croup”) 67
Epiglottitis 68
Tonsillitis and Adenoiditis 69
Acute Otitis Media (AOM) 70
LOWER RESPIRATORY OBSTRUCTIVE CONDITIONS 71
Bronchitis 71
Bronchiolitis/Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis 72
Pneumonia 72
Pneumococcal Pneumonia 72
Staphylococcal Pneumonia 73
Viral Pneumonia 73
Asthma 73
Cystic Fibrosis 75
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) 75
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 76
System Assessment 77
Diagnostic Procedures 77
ANATOMIC DEFECTS 79
Cleft Lip 79
Cleft Palate 79
Esophageal Atresia with Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF) 81
Imperforate Anus 82
OBSTRUCTIVE DISORDERS 82
Obstruction of the Bowel 82
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (HPS) 83
Intussusception 84
DISORDERS OF MOTILITY 84
Acute Diarrhea (Acute Gastroenteritis) 84
Dehydration 85
Constipation 86
Hirschsprung’s Disease (Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon) 86
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) 87
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES 88
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Encompasses Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease) 88
INTESTINAL PARASITES 88
Roundworms 89
Pinworms (Enterobiasis) 89
Giardiasis 89
HEPATIC DISORDERS 90
Hepatitis 90
Biliary Atresia 90
GENERAL DISORDERS 90
Celiac Disease (Gluten-Induced Enteropathy) 90
Obesity 91
RENAL SYSTEM 92
System Assessment 92
Diagnostic Procedures 93
System Implementation 93
RENAL/URINARY DISORDERS 94
Urinary Tract Infections 94
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) 95
Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) 95
Nephrotic Syndrome 96
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) 96
Enuresis 97
STRUCTURAL DEFECTS 97
Extrophy of the Bladder 97
Hypospadias/Epispadias 98
Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testes) 98
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 99
System Assessment 99
CONGENITAL DEFECTS 100
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) 100
Congenital Clubfoot 101
Osteogenesis Imperfecta 102
Muscular Dystrophy 102
ACQUIRED DEFECTS 103
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease 103
Slipped Femoral Capital Epiphysis 103
Scoliosis 103
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES 106
Osteomyelitis 106
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis 107
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 108
System Assessment 108
System Implementation 110
SKIN DISORDERS 110
Acne Vulgaris 110
Impetigo 111
Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) 111
Seborrheic Dermatitis 111
Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash) 112
Cellulitis 112
Burns 112
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 117
System Assessment 117
THYROID GLAND DISORDERS 118
Hypothyroidism 118
Hyperthyroidism (Graves’ Disease) 118
PITUITARY GLAND DISORDERS 119
Hypopituitarism (Growth Hormone Deficiency) 119
Pituitary Hyperfunction 119
Phenylketonuria (PKU) 119
Diabetes Mellitus 120
PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY 121
TREATMENT MODALITIES 121
Chemotherapy 121
Radiation 123
Surgery 123
Biologic Response Modifiers (BRMs) 123
Bone Marrow Transplantation 124
MALIGNANT DISEASES 124
Leukemia 124
Wilms’ Tumor (Nephroblastoma) 125
Hodgkin’s Disease 126
Brain Tumors 126
BONE TUMORS 127
Osteogenic Sarcoma 127
Ewing’s Sarcoma 128
SPECIAL TOPICS IN PEDIATRIC NURSING 128
THE CHILD WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT 128
Caring for Children with Cognitive Impairment 129
Down Syndrome 129
IMMUNIZATIONS 130
Immunization schedule 130
POISONING 132
Types of Poisoning 132
Lead Poisoning 132
Treatment of Poisoning at Home 133
ACCIDENTAL INJURY 133
General Categories of Injuries 133
Accident prevention 134
Car Restraints 134
SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS) 134
APPENDIX 137
PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES 139
DRUG ADMINISTRATION FOR CHILDREN 141