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<[2/2] The Knights of the Cross> The Knights of the Cross (Polish: 'Krzyżacy') is a 1900 historical novel written by Polish writer and Nobel laureate Henryk Sienkiewicz.
The novel was written during the partitions of Poland, with most Poles living in the Russian Empire province Privislinsky Krai, formerly Congress Poland. One of Sienkiewicz's goals in writing The Knights of the Cross was to encourage and strengthen Polish national confidence against the occupying power. To circumvent Russian censorship, Sienciewicz placed the plot in the middle age Prussia (region) and the State of the Teutonic Order. He used recent offences perpetrated by the Russian occupiers to fill in the details. His readers knew them well from the newspapers.
The history of the actual German Order of the Teutonic Knights, which from the 13th to the 16th century controlled large parts of the Baltic Sea coast, and its defeat in the Battle of Tannenberg (1410)/ Battle of Grunwald by Poles and Lithuanians serves as the backdrop for the story. The novel also focuses extensively on medieval life and customs in both the cities and the country in medieval Poland.
The Tygodnik Illustrowany serialized the book from 1897-1899 before a first complete printed edition appeared in 1900. The book was originally translated into English by Jeremiah Curtin in 1900, a contemporary of Henryk Sienkiewicz.[1] It has since been translated into 25 languages, and was also the first book to be printed in Poland after the Second World War ended in 1945. By that time, the origin of the Imperial Russian cruelties against Poles depicted in the book were downplayed, and the book was useful to fan anti-German sentiments and the expulsion of Germans.
In 1960 the novel was made into a Polish film of the same name, by director Aleksander Ford.
1904년 노벨문학상 수상
Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz (Polish pronunciation: [ˈxɛnrɨk ˈadam alɛˈksandɛr ˈpʲus ɕɛnˈkʲevʲitʂ]; also known as "Litwos" [ˈlitfɔs]; May 5, 1846–November 15, 1916) was a Polish journalist and Nobel Prize-winning novelist. A Polish szlachcic (noble) of the Oszyk coat of arms, he was one of the most popular Polish writers at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1905 for his "outstanding merits as an epic writer."
Born into an impoverished gentry family in the Podlasie village of Wola Okrzejska, in Russian-ruled Poland, Sienkiewicz wrote historical novels set during the Rzeczpospolita (Polish Republic, or Commonwealth). His works were noted for their negative portrayal of the Teutonic Order in The Teutonic Knights (Krzyżacy), which was remarkable as a significant portion of his readership lived under German rule. This can be contrasted with his positive portrayal of German mercenaries in With Fire and Sword. Many of his novels were first serialized in newspapers, and even today are still in print. In Poland, he is best known for his historical novels "With Fire and Sword", "The Deluge", and "Fire in the Steppe" (The Trilogy) set during the 17th-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, while internationally he is best known for Quo Vadis, set in Nero's Rome. Quo Vadis has been filmed several times, most notably the 1951 version.
Sienkiewicz was meticulous in attempting to recreate the authenticity of historical language. In his Trilogy, for instance, he had his characters use the Polish language as he imagined it was spoken in the seventeenth century (in reality it was far more similar to 19th-century Polish than he imagined). In The Teutonic Knights, which relates to the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, he even had his characters speak a variety of medieval Polish which he recreated in part from archaic expressions then still common among the highlanders of Podhale.
In 1881, Sienkiewicz married Maria Szetkiewicz (1854–1885). They had two children, Henryk Józef (1882–1959) and Jadwiga (1883–1969).
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[2/2] The Knights of the Cross
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